Fascism

“Fascism, at any rate the German version, is a form ⟳ of capitalism that borrows from Socialism just such features as will make ⟳ it efficient for war purposes... Ownership has never been abolished, there are still capitalists and workers, and—this is the important point ⟳, and the real reason ⟳ why rich men all over the world tend ⟳ to sympathize with Fascism—generally speaking the same people are capitalists and the same people workers as before the Nazi revolution. But at the same time the State, which is simply the Nazi Party, is in control ⟳ of everything... The mere efficiency of such a system, the elimination of waste ⟳ and obstruction, is obvious. In seven years it has built up the most powerful war machine the world has ever seen.”

“Despite the three decades that have ⟳ passed since the end ⟳ of the second world war, fascism remains a subject of much heated argument. […] It also continues to be a subject of controversy, partly because it collides with so many preconceived ideological notions, partly because generalizations are made difficult by the fact that there was not one fascism but several fascisms.”

“Fascism became an all-purpose term because one can eliminate from a fascist regime one or more features, and it will still be recognizable as fascist. Take ⟳ away imperialism from fascism and you still have ⟳ Franco and Salazar. Take ⟳ away colonialism and you still have ⟳ the Balkan fascism of the Ustashes.”

“Today "Fascism" like ⟳ Russian "Bolshevism" does not know ⟳ what freedom means and cares less about the principles of liberty and the rights of man. It knows only one law and that is the will of Mussolini and his band of "Black Shirts."”

“Fascism, with all its forcefulness in the prosecution of its violent deeds, is indeed nothing else but the expression of the disintegration and decay of capitalist economy, and the symptom of the dissolution of the bourgeois State.”

“...even the people who recklessly fling ⟳ the word ‘Fascist’ in every direction attach at any rate an emotional significance to it. By ‘Fascism’ they mean ⟳, roughly speaking, something cruel, unscrupulous, arrogant, obscurantist, anti-liberal and anti-working-class. Except for the relatively small number ⟳ of Fascist sympathizers, almost any English person would accept ⟳ ‘bully’ as a synonym for ‘Fascist’. That is about as near to a definition as this much-abused word has come ⟳.”

“For Argentine fascists and nacionalistas, fascism was not a theory but a mold for Catholic thinking. For instance, one of the most significant nacionalista intellectuals, César Pico, argued that fascism was a "reaction against the calamities ascribed to liberal democracy, socialism, and capitalism. It's a reaction that, although instinctive in its origins, is searching for a doctrine that could justify ⟳ it."”

“The author is not to blame ⟳ for the fact that so much lying propaganda against the Communists has created a climate of opinion that paves the way for Fascism and a third world war. This study ⟳ is concerned only with dispelling of fear, with opening the channels of communication, and with reversing the dangerous trend in the U.S.A. towards Fascism and a third world war.”

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C2

Mastery
This word is part of the CEFR C2 vocabulary — mastery level.

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